图源:中国蜂业杂志
小小蜜蜂,巨大作用
“如果没有昆虫进行这种自由自在的授粉工作,那么很多植物必将灭绝——原先靠这些植物来保持土壤的活力,并且给土壤增加养分,一旦这些植物灭绝了,那么土壤就会变得干枯贫瘠,进而严重影响该地区的整个生态系统。”
——蕾切尔·卡森《寂静的春天:大地的绿色瀑布》
蜜蜂是授粉网络的核心。作为授粉昆虫,蜜蜂在全世界各地辛勤地传播花粉,直接关系到全球76%的粮食作物和84%的植物的花粉传播。每一只蜜蜂,能够沾住足足五十万到七十万粒花粉,使得植物授精充分,无论对于作物产量还是质量都有着广泛的提升。
图源:联合国粮农组织
蜜蜂影响农作物产量。蜜蜂是授粉活动的主力,影响了世界35%的农作物产量。据联合国粮农组织公布,与人类密切相关的107种重要农作物品种中,91种依赖蜜蜂授粉。经过蜜蜂授粉后,13种农作物增产幅度达90%以上,30种农作物增产幅度为40%-90%,27种农作物增产幅度为10%-40%,21种农作物增产幅度在10%以下。
图源:参考文献1
蜜蜂创造了巨大经济价值。中国农科院蜜蜂研究所研究结果显示,蜜蜂授粉对36种作物生产贡献的经济价值达到3042.20亿元,占作物总产值的36.25%,相当于全国农业总产值的12.30%。据估计,蜜蜂授粉每年可以为美国创造150亿美元的价值,除了酿蜜,更多的是作物因蜜蜂授粉而在产量和质量上产生的增加值。
蜜蜂消失会导致人类灭绝吗?
很多文章中有过这样的言论“如果蜜蜂从地球上消失,人类将只能再存活4年。没有蜜蜂,没有授粉,没有植物,没有动物,也就没有人类。”这是真的吗?蜜蜂消失会导致人类灭绝吗?
答案是不会的!
首先,蜜蜂对我们的日常生活确实起到了很大的作用,但这种作用并非不可替代。这个世界上并不是只有蜜蜂会授粉,有很多昆虫,如蛾子、蝴蝶、苍蝇、蝙蝠、甲虫都能进行花粉传授。在很大程度上可以弥补蜜蜂缺失的不足,至于效率,确实没有蜜蜂那么高。
其次,人类主要的农作物要么是风媒(玉米,水稻,小麦),要么是自花授粉(大豆,豌豆),要么干脆是克隆繁殖(土豆),没有蜜蜂也一样可以产生籽粒和可食用部位。只有水果和蔬菜与蜜蜂授粉相关,例如西瓜、苹果、芒果等水果,南瓜、丝瓜、黄瓜等蔬菜。
但是蜜蜂消失带来的损失确实是巨大的!
如果蜜蜂灭绝,很多物种也会跟着逐渐湮灭。比如高度依赖昆虫授粉的巴旦木,如果缺少蜜蜂等授粉昆虫,几乎不会结果。许多濒临灭绝的珍稀植物甚至只能依靠特定的蜜蜂帮助授粉。
如果蜜蜂灭绝,蜜蜂珍贵的副产品也会消失。比如蜂蜜、蜂胶和蜂蜡。蜂胶具有很高的药用价值,在美容养颜方面效果也十分显著。蜂蜡作为少有的能被大规模获取的天然蜡,已经被广泛应用于化妆品、农业、医药、食品甚至航天、电子、军工等行业的生产制造中。
保护蜜蜂,我们可以做些什么?
蜜蜂不仅能为人类提供大量食品、医药、营养等,还可以为农作物、果树、蔬菜、牧草等传播花粉,大幅度提高农作物的产量和品质,利用蜜蜂为大田植物授粉和大棚植物授粉,是现代农业生产的必然趋势。因此,应该采取措施保护好蜜蜂。
图源:农科专家在线
为蜜蜂创造良好的生活环境,以保障授粉。将部分农田空出,为蜜蜂打造天然的栖息地。种植不同花期的本土植物,形成灌木篱墙。同时种植向日葵、咖啡树,以及牛油果树和芒果树等,吸引蜜蜂。减少杀虫剂的使用,不破坏蜜蜂窝。
在花园里种植本地植物,为蜜蜂提供它们喜欢的食物。植物和授粉昆虫是共生互助的关系。它们彼此需要,也只有这样才能生存并进化。种植各类不同花期的本地植物,有助于授粉昆虫的生存。
增加对蜜蜂的了解,克服你的恐惧。通过学习,你会发现,并不是所有的蜜蜂都蜇人,它们成群而上是为了保护自己,并非有意伤人。通过了解如何尊重蜜蜂,我们可以避免遭受蜜蜂袭击,并能学会与这一重要生物和谐共处。
最后,我们希望蜜蜂消失的那一天永远不要到来。
来源:中国蜂业杂志、科学辟谣、数字北京科学中心、农科专家在线、植物人史军微博
参考文献:
[1]姚军,姚沛辰.小蜜蜂 大作用[J].知识就是力量,2020,(05):24-27.
[2]李位三.论蜜蜂在生态农业系统中的特殊作用[J].中国蜂业,2010,61(03):50-51.
整理:刘雪洁
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |